Copper

• Production of brass and bronze from secondaries using rotary furnaces
• Producing copper and associated byproducts in secondary copper smelters
• Production of copper chemicals, including raw materials and markets
• Processing of spent etchants, circuit boards, and electronic byproducts

Lead

• Production of lead bullion from secondaries using rotary furnaces
• Producing lead and associated byproducts in secondary lead smelters
• Commercial aspects of leady raw materials and smelters in N. America
• Wet conversion of off-specification leady materials to smelter-grade feeds

Zinc

• Production of zinc micronutrients, including raw materials and commerce
• Zinc recovery using sweat furnaces, muffle furnaces, and retorts
• Purification of zinc sulfate and chloride liquors
• Thermal and wet recovery of zinc oxide from off-grade raw materials

Tin

• Rotary-furnace production of solder and other tin secondaries
• Recovery of tin and steel from cans, including post-consumer scrap
• Conversion of byproducts from tin plating into marketable products
• Use of copper ingot plants and secondary smelters to recycle tin residues

Nickel and Cobalt

• Processing of lateritic ores using either sulfuric acid or ammonia
• Hydro- and pyrometallurgical processing of nickel-copper-cobalt mattes
• Production of ferronickel using both primary and secondary feedstock
• Conversion of plating, catalyst, and other secondaries to nickel chemicals

Molybdenum, Tungsten, and Rhenium

• Production of specialty molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium chemicals
• Deoiling molybdenite; roasting to oxide; smelting to ferromolydenum
• Leaching lead and copper from molybdenite
• Fuming of molybdic oxide to produce high-purity oxide

Antimony and Arsenic

• Rotary-furnace production of Sb2O3 from stibnite or crude oxide
• Production of lead alloys of antimony and/or arsenic
• Conversion of arsenic oxide to chromated copper arsenate
• Processing and fixation of raw materials containing arsenic

Chromium and Vanadium

• Processing of plating sludges and solutions for byproduct values
• Conversion of chromium secondaries into tanning-grade basic sulfate
• Producing iron, chromium, nickel and/or molybdenum secondary ingot
• Fixation of chromium wastes, especially by vitrification

Aluminum and Beryllium

• Rotary-furnace production of aluminum from secondary sources
• Production of alumina, or of aluminum sulfate, from spent catalyst
• Production of beryllium hydroxide from bertrandite, beryl, or phenacite
• Commercial aspects of beryllium: raw materials, producers, markets

Incineration and Vitrification

• Slag formulation for efficient operation and environmental stability
• Markets for slag byproducts, e.g. aggregate, roofing, abrasive, ceramics
• Incineration using rotary kiln, either in the slagging or ashing mode
• Electric furnace processing of solid wastes, and byproducts therefrom

Mercury

• Mercury, aluminum, glass, and scrap from spent lamps
• Retorting Hg-containing secondaries, e.g. phosphor and electronic scrap
• Processing of contaminated soils and other low-grade mercury residuals
• Wet and pyro treatment of mercury chemical wastes